Friday, December 20, 2019

With Reference to Research Evidence (Theories and...

Behaviorist theories of learning see all animals as a blank slate at birth, with learning takng place as a result of making an association between events and their environment. There are two forms of associative learning, classical conditioning, which is associative learning before an event, which takes the form of a reflexive response to it, and operant conditioning, which is associated learning after an event, due to its’ consequences. This essay will look at theories behind classical conditioning and their use in the treatment of phobias and addiction. Classical conditioning was discovered through for the work of the 20th century Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov who was conducting Nobel prize-winning work on digestion. While†¦show more content†¦This counter conditioning is the basis for successful behavioral techniques used in the treatment for anxiety, phobias, and compulsive rituals based on classical conditioning. All of its strategies are ways of eliminating or extinguishing an undesired response. This is accomplished by creating conditions in which the response will not occur, and then persuading patients to expose themselves to situations that normally provoke the response. Systematic desensitization was developed by Wolpe in the 1950s using the principles of classical conditioning.. Its aim is to extinguish a learned response of fear by associating the stimulus that causes the fear with a second response that is incompatible with fear; the term reciprocal inhibition refers to the fact that each response in inhibits the other.. Patients are desensitized by repeated confrontation of the feared object while they are in a state of physical relaxation (the incompatible response). They are trained to make themselves comfortable by muscle relaxation exercises or through hypnosis and then presented with a series or hierarchy of situations graded in advance from least to most frightening. 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