With Reference to Research Evidence (Theories and...

Behaviorist theories of learning see all animals as a blank slate at birth, with learning takng place as a result of making an association between events and their environment. There are two forms of associative learning, classical conditioning, which is associative learning before an event, which takes the form of a reflexive response to it, and operant conditioning, which is associated learning after an event, due to its’ consequences. This essay will look at theories behind classical conditioning and their use in the treatment of phobias and addiction. Classical conditioning was discovered through for the work of the 20th century Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov who was conducting Nobel prize-winning work on digestion. While†¦show more content†¦This counter conditioning is the basis for successful behavioral techniques used in the treatment for anxiety, phobias, and compulsive rituals based on classical conditioning. All of its strategies are ways of eliminating or extinguishing an undesired response. This is accomplished by creating conditions in which the response will not occur, and then persuading patients to expose themselves to situations that normally provoke the response. Systematic desensitization was developed by Wolpe in the 1950s using the principles of classical conditioning.. Its aim is to extinguish a learned response of fear by associating the stimulus that causes the fear with a second response that is incompatible with fear; the term reciprocal inhibition refers to the fact that each response in inhibits the other.. Patients are desensitized by repeated confrontation of the feared object while they are in a state of physical relaxation (the incompatible response). They are trained to make themselves comfortable by muscle relaxation exercises or through hypnosis and then presented with a series or hierarchy of situations graded in advance from least to most frightening. Each successful exposure makes success at the next stage easier. The process usually takes place ‘in vitrio’Show MoreRelatedContemporary Applications of Schools in Psychology8487 Words   |  34 Pagesï » ¿INTRODUCTION Psychology evolved out of both philosophy and biology. Throughout psychologys history, a number of different  schools of thought  have formed to explain human thought and behavior. These schools of thought often rise to dominance for a period of time. While these schools of thought are sometimes perceived as competing forces, each  perspective  has contributed to our understanding of psychology. 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Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Read MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pages CASE STUDIES ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 598 ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 599 Guide to using the case studies The main text of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow the reader to extend this linking of theory and practice